The case of Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker I, II, III and IV (1664 – 1898)
Keywords: Genealogy, Bikkes Bakker, Bikkesbakker, 19th
century, Society for Benevolence, Maatschappij voor Weldadigheid, poverty
versión español debajo
Introduction
Some time ago, I published a blog about my forebear Maria Morriën (1841 – 1865). Her father was a civil servant working in the Colonies of the Society for Benevolence.[i] These institutions were meant to relocate and re-socialize the urban poor. After the death of her father, however, Maria became exactly as poor and destitute as the inmates of the Colonies.
Much has
been written about the Colonies and their failure to ‘morally enhance’ the proletariat.
Less attention has been paid, so I believe, to the failure of these
institutions to take care for the families of their employees. The story about
Maria sheds a light upon this theme, and so does the fate of her stepfather,
Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker IV (1827 - 1898). Because his story and that of his forebears might be of interest to his
descendants in the America’s - Bikkesbakker - I have decided to write this sequel in English. Realising that they do not all speak English, I have made a translation in Spanish using Google translate (see underneath).
Paupers
November
23, 1848 Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker IV (1827 – 1898) marries Aaltje
Grevinga (1819-1875), widow of a deceased civil servant in Veenhuizen, Drenthe, The Netherlands. Long I assumed that this JPBB IV was a former inmate of the Colonies himself,
that is, a beggar. Like his new stepdaughter Maria, however, he starts off as
the child of an employee of this institution and is raised and educated within
the confines of the prisons of Veenhuizen and Ommerschans as the son of a civil servant. His father, Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker III (1789 – 1852) is a former soldier who starts working as a warder in the institutions of the Society for Benevolence in 1839. For veterans, a department is
created in the Colonies in 1826, where they mostly serve as warders and policemen to keep the colonists under control.[ii]
In the archives of Drenthe there’s a confession of this soldier-father, admitting
that he is not that good at administering things, and that his son (18) has
actually done all the paper-work.[iii]
It is not this clever JPBB IV, but his veteran-father who asks the Minister of War in October 1847 permission to marry the young widow Aaltje, 30 years his junior. The manager of the Colonies disapproves of this plan,[iv] and so JPBB III remarries in June 1848 with another widow of a deceased comrade. When his son JPBB IV successively marries the very same Aaltje in November 1848, she is pregnant in her sixth month. This might have been the reason for the couple being expelled from the Colony, but it’s difficult to get the picture clear. What we do know is that JPBB IV has no job in 1848, and that the couple marries in Noordwolde, Friesland, some 40 kilometers north from Veenhuizen. We also know that Aaltje and step-daughter Maria are convicted for beggary in Heereveen, Friesland, in march 1850.[v]
From 1850 – 1854 and for a short while in 1856 the family lives in Veenhuizen again, not as employees, but now truly as convicted beggars. Consecutive children are born in Ruimoord, Oosterhesselen (1857) and Veenoord, Sleen (1860). This suggests that JPBB IV has found work as a ‘polderwerker’, digging peet and canals to create new land - one of the worst, i.e. toughest and lowest paid jobs imaginable. The extended family moves to Zutphen (1863) and then tries her luck in Twente. Like many of his contemporaries JPBB IV becomes a worker in the textile-factories of Lonneker and Enschede. That’s also where his daughters marry and most of his grandchildren grow up. At an older age, he seems to have get a hold on a plot of land, the last records proudly declaring him to be a ‘farmer’.
Baptized and raised as a Catholic, he’s a man of conviction: 1878 he signs a petition against the revision of the school-law and in favor of Catholic education.[vi] Dedicated he is as well: From Aaltjes first marriage, one daughter and one son, Hendrikus Johannes Antonius Morriën (1847 – 1917) have survived. Together, Aaltje and Jacob produce another seven children, six daughters and a son, three (!) of which reach a mature age. At the age of 49, JPBB IV remarries another widow, Aleida Johanna Reinink (1829 – 1921), mother of five, three of which are at that time under age. Hence, the utterly poor JPBB IV raises no less than twelve children and stepchildren, as well as the son of his stepdaughter Maria – my great-great-grandfather Arie Morriën.
Arie Morriën sr. (1861 - 1947) in his allotment garden in Amsterdam - Spaarndammerbuurt
devout children
In large parts of the Netherlands, having a second
name long was a matter of social status. A double one generally alluded to even
more prestige. Records show that this does indeed count for Jacobus (Philippus)
Bikkes Bakker I and II, who belonged to the elite in The Netherlands and its
former colonies in the 18th century. The origins of the curious
double name, however, seem not to lie in worldly, but rather in religious
prestige. Jacob Bickes Bakker I (1733 – 1771) is the only son of Dirk Jans Bakker
(? - ?) and Suzanna Bickes (1697 - ?), a
couple living in Zaandam. At or before his twentieth birthday, he takes on the
second names of both his parents, with the one of his mother at the front. In Dutch, Bakker is an utterly common name, like
the English Baker (baker). “Bickes” was and still is a rather rare name, but in very
pious Calvinist circles in the Dutch Republic, it did ring a bell.
Albertus Bickes or Bickesius (? - ?) is said to have
been a calvinist theologian and “semi-martyr” in The Palatine, one of the few
areas in the Holy Roman Empire that was neither Lutheran nor Roman Catholic. He
may have stemmed from Bohemia, where the second name “Bikkes” is current and Calvinism is prevalent too, but there are no records to prove that. Because of the violence of the
30-years’ war (1618 – 1648), his son Jacob Bickes (1628 - ?) flees to the Dutch
Republic, where he works as a modest laborer in the wool-factories of Leyden. In
that city, he marries Anna Christina Wallin (or Valin; 1630 – 1679), a refugee
from the same area in The Palatine. Five or six out of the nine children they
get do not reach a mature age, but two of the deceased ones reach the status of
Calvinist 'saints’. In 1665, a pamphlet is issued, meticulously describing the
last days and hours in the life of Suzanna and Jacob Bickes I, 14 and 7 years old, victims of the Plague
of 1664.[1]
Firmly raised in the (true) faith, they do not fear death and die happily, praising
the Lord and longing get to know Him. Between 1664 and 1740, the booklet is
reprinted at least 18 times, showing that there was quite a market for such
utterly pious children’s books.[2]
The last hours of Susanna Bickes and Jacob Bickes. 14th edition, 1713
click on the picture to go to the full text (google books)
Only two sons of Jacob and Catharina survive: Jacob II (1667 – 1738) and Philippus (1670 - 1745). Son Jakob II manages to become a theologian, like his grandfather, and works as a dominee – a Calvinist priest – in Wateringen and Oostzaandam. It is most probably in honor of his grandfather and his famous deceased siblings that Jacob Bakker III takes on the second name of his mother as well.
'princes'
As Jacob Bickes Bakker he embarks on the sailing vessel Persijnenburg on May 5, 1753 as a ‘consolator of the ill’, a protestant lay person with a pastoral function. After seven months of journey starting in Enkhuizen -with a month’ stay on the Cape of Good Hope- he arrives in the Dutch East Indies. There, he works as a bookkeeper and ‘sworn clerk’ at the police department of Makassar, on the Isle of Celebes. In 1756, he marries Aletta Margaretha Hodenpijl, daughter of a Dutch merchant in Makassar. From 1761 - 1764, he works as the Resident i.e. the formal representative of the Dutch East India Company, in Selayar on the island of Celebes; and then, from 1764 - 1768 as Resident in Bima, on the island of Sumbawa.[vii] Then he seems to have left the Company to pursue his private business. Ever since 1757 he owned a Chialoup, a large sailing vessel with 23 - 35 boatsmen. With this ship and its skipper, Berend Jansz, he organizes rather profitable trade in luxuries and slaves within the Indonesian archipelago. On his way back to the Netherlands, he dies in January 1771 on the Cape of Good Hope.[viii]
Printed poem on the occasion of the marriage of JPBB II and his noble Lady; frontpage (1781) click on the image to go to the full text - google books)
Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker II (1760 - ??) is born in Makassar, probably as the oldest or even the only son. His father's ship De Hoop is legally transferred to him, possibly to cut on taxes. Aged 19, he is enrolled at the University of Leyden to study Law. Aged 21, he marries Wilhelmina Margaretha Anna de Bruijn, a noble Lady affiliated to the family of Van Assendelft. A poem is written and printed to celebrate the occasion, a (fake) pedigree and a (fake) family-weapon are produced,[x] but the liaison turns out not to be very stable. October 15, 1787, the couple divorces “from table and bed” – the noble Lady disappearing with a highly-ranked officer to live in Belgium, France and other places.new
horizons
In official
records, the second name “Bikkes Bakker” is spelled in different ways: Bikkes
Backer, Bickes Bakker, BikkeRs Bakker, Bikkesbakker, Bikkes Bakkes, Biekes
Bakkes. These varieties included, there haven’t been many Bikkes Bakkers in The
Netherlands, and there aren’t any left by now. With the death of Cornelia Bikkes Bakker (1860 - 1946), the name has vanished from Dutch soil.
Bastard-son JPBB III serves as a soldier in Amersfoort, ‘s Hertogenbosch and Hellevoetsluis. In Amersfoort he impregnates Magdalena Reiniera van Elsdijk (1802 – 1846), a girl who is 13 years younger.[xi] Three years later, in 1826, they marry and she gives birth to at least two sons, only one of which survives. A third male Bikkes Bakker, son of JPBB III's second wife dies at the age of 22.[xii] Hence, there is only one male Bikkes Bakker in the Netherlands left: the unfortunate, hardworking, pious and caring JPBB IV. He raises, as we have seen, shiploads of children, but he too, has only one male heir…
Cornelius Bikkes Bakker (1857 - ??) is born in Oosterhesselen, Drenthe and grows up in Lonneker, Overijssel. A worker and a pastry cook, he moves to Amsterdam (1885) and marries his stepsister Hendrika Margretha Sueters (1858 – 1915).[xiii] While living in the Spaarndammerbuurt, the couple gets a son and a daughter. Then they decide to look for new horizons in Argentina – a country that actively tries to attract ‘caucasian’ migrants. They leave Amsterdam in December 1888 on the ship "Zaandam" and settle as Cornelio Bikkesbakker and Enriqueta Sueters in the city of Concordia, some 400 km north of Buenos Aires on the bank of the Uruguay-river. They build up a life in this city and have at least another five children, four sons (Enrique, Juan, Luis and Pedro) and a daughter (Salvadora).
The Roman Catholic Church has some difficulty with getting the second name right – children being baptized as Bikisbak and Bikkisbakkes. The officials registering the family in the second census of 1895 manage to make that even worse: Bikescaker. However, the adaptation of Spanish first names and the marriages of their children with Spanish-speaking locals indicates a fairly successful migration to and integration in South America. Grandchildren moving further to Brazil and the United States, the name ‘Bikkesbakker’ has travelled from Europe to Asia and Africa, now to live on only in the America’s.
Ladders
The fate of migrants can be hard. Fleeing from violence, the learned German Bickes-branch must have fallen quite a bit on the social ladder of the 17th century. Within a single generation they recover, with Jakob entering the calvinist clergy - possibly with the symbolic help of his deceased brother and sister and with the benjamin Philippus entering university as well. As Bikkes Bakker, they manage to become downright elite, with 'new money' from the colonies and, in the case of JPBB II, 'old money' of the nobility.
In the 19th century we see, more even than in our earlier story about Maria Morriën, a spectacular fall in social status, from semi-nobility to pauperism in two generations. The immediate cause for this is, of course, illegitimacy: the learned lawyer JPBB II, honorable Citizen of Leyden[xiv] somehow doesn’t manage to get children with his noble wife, but does so with a catholic midwife. The second cause may have been the French interlude and the Napoleonic wars. The bastard JP Bikkes Bakker III is raised in a family that seems to have had at least some money, but looses a lot due to the unrest between 1795 - 1813. He serves the military, which is somehow honorable, and somehow not so much. The same can be said about his work as a ‘military colonist’ in Veenhuizen and Ommerschans, but at least he had a stable job there ….
The Society
for Benevolence did not guarantee such stability for the wives and children of
their employees, especially not if their conduct was not as impeccable as
expected. Just south of the village of Noordwolde (Friesland) former inmates of the
institutions, including women and children of former employees, reassembled in a
so-called desperado-colony.[xv]
Among those desperates we find JPBB IV and Aaltje Grevinga – six month pregnant
and not yet married… The social distance between the semi-noble residence at South Rapenburg in Leyden,
where JPBB II lived, and the peet bog in Friesland where his grandson JPBB IV squats
a plot of land to build a hut, can hardly be bigger.
That,
however, is about 170 years ago. Anno 2021, LinkedIn-profiles of descendants of Cornelis Bikkesbakker in Argentina and elsewhere seem to show that, ever since, many
have climbed the social ladder again….
Alderik
Visser
Groningen,
November 2021; february 2022
with many thanks to Adolfo Bikkesbakker, Entre Rios, Argentina
sobre pobres, princesas y niños devotas
El caso de Jacobus (Philippus) Bikkes Bakker I, II, III y IV (1664 - 1898)
introducción
Hace algún tiempo publiqué un blog sobre mi antepasado Maria Morriën (1841 - 1865). Su padre era un funcionario que trabajaba en las Colonias de la Sociedad para la Benevolencia. [I] Estas instituciones estaban destinadas a reubicar y resocializar a los pobres urbanos. Pero después de la muerte de su padre, María y su madre se volvieron exactamente tan pobres e indigentes como los habitantes de las Colonias.
Mucho se ha escrito sobre las colonias y su fracaso en "mejorar moralmente" al proletariado. Creo que se ha prestado menos atención al fracaso de estas instituciones en cuidar de las familias de sus empleados. La historia de María arroja luz sobre este tema, al igual que el destino de su padrastro, Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker IV (1827 - 1898). Debido a que su historia y la de sus antepasados podrían ser de interés para sus descendientesBikkesbakker en Argentina y los Estados Unidos, he decidido escribir esta secuela en inglés. Pues, he realizado una traducción del texto sobre en español, utilizando Google-translate. Puede que no sea perfecto, pero creo que es legible ...
indigentes
23 de noviembre de 1848 Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker IV (1827-1898) se casa con Aaltje Grevinga (1819-1875), viuda de un funcionario fallecido en la Colonia de Veenhuizen. Durante mucho tiempo supuse que este JPBB IV era un ex preso de las Colonias, es decir, un mendigo. Al igual que su nueva hijastra María, comienza como hijo de un empleado de esta institución y se cría y educa dentro de los confines de las prisiones de Veenhuizen y Ommerschans. Su padre, Jacobus Philippus Bikkes Bakker III (1789-1852) es un ex soldado que comienza a trabajar como guardián en estas instituciones de la Sociedad para la Benevolencia en 1839. Para los veteranos, se crea un departamento en las Colonias en 1826, donde en su mayoría sirven como guardianes y policías para mantener a los colonos bajo control. [ii] En los archivos de Drenthe hay una confesión de este padre-soldado, admitiendo que no es tan bueno administrando cosas, y que su hijo (18) realmente lo ha hecho todo el papeleo. [iii]
Lo más probable es que no sea este inteligente JPBB IV, sino su padre veterano quien le pide al Ministro de Guerra en octubre de 1847 el permiso para casarse con la joven viuda Aaltje, 30 años menor que él. El administrador de las Colonias desaprueba este plan, [iv] por lo que JPBB III se vuelve a casar en junio de 1848 con otra viuda de un camarada fallecido. Cuando su hijo JPBB IV se casa sucesivamente con la misma Aaltje en noviembre de 1848, ella queda embarazada en su sexto mes. Esta podría haber sido la razón por la que la pareja fue expulsada de la Colonia, pero es difícil tener una idea clara. Lo que sí sabemos es que JPBB IV no tiene trabajo en 1848 y que la pareja se casa en Noordwolde, Frisia, a unos 40 kilómetros al norte de Veenhuizen. También sabemos que Aaltje y su hijastra María son condenadas por mendicidad en Heereveen, Frisia, en marzo de 1850. [v]
[i] In Dutch: Maatschappij
voor Weldadigheid. Social experiment (1818
– 1859) instigated by General Johannes van den Bosch to replace and
re-socialize the urban poor. Either they got plots of land to learn to work as
a farmer (so-called ‘free colonies’) or they were transferred to (semi-)prisons
in Veenhuizen and Ommerschans to work and to be disciplined. See (e.g.) https://www.welkomtoenwelkomnu.nl/the-company-of-benevolence/ The ensemble of remaining buildings in Drenthe and Overijssel as well
as in Belgium have been added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage in 2021.
En holandés: Maatschappij voor Weldadigheid. Experimento social (1818-1859) instigado por el general Johannes van den Bosch para reemplazar y resocializar a los pobres urbanos. O consiguieron parcelas de tierra para aprender a trabajar como agricultores (las llamadas "colonias libres") o fueron trasladados a (semi) prisiones en Veenhuizen y Ommerschans para trabajar y ser disciplinados. Véase (por ejemplo) https://www.welkomtoenwelkomnu.nl/the-company-of-benevolence/ El conjunto de edificios restantes en Drenthe y Overijssel, así como en Bélgica, se ha agregado a la lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO en 2021.
[ii] The department for veterans existed from 1826 – 1859. Unlike other
‘colonists’, they were allowed to drink alcohol.
https://www.drentsarchief.nl/zoekwijzer/60veteranen.html
El departamento de veteranos existió entre 1826 y 1859. A diferencia de otros "colonos", se les permitía beber alcohol.
[iii] Drents Archief te Drenthe, Correspondentie MvW; Deel:
317, Ommerschans, archief 186, inventarisnummer 317, Ingekomen brieven; 5
maart 1818 - 29 december 1847. The confession is made december 23, 1845
[iv]
Drents Archief te Drenthe, Correspondentie MvW. Deel: 346, Onbekend, archief
186, inventarisnummer 346, Ingekomen brieven; 5 maart 1818 - 29 december
1847. Frederiksoord, 5 november 1847; “… waarbij een verzoekschrift van den
veteraan Bikkes Bakker om met de Wed. Morriën een huwelijk te
mogen aangaan, hetwelk voor haar onderhoud misschien wel van belang zoude zijn,
maar dat overigens, mijns oordeels, in verschillende opzigten aan bedenking
onderhevig is, waarom het niet kan worden aanbevolen.” Signed by J. van
Konijnenburg, general manager of the Colonies, 1841 – 1848.
“… Por medio de la cual una petición del veterano Bikkes Bakker para lidiar con el miércoles. Morriën para contraer matrimonio, lo que, tal vez, sería importante para su manutención, pero que, en mi opinión, es cuestionable en varios aspectos en cuanto a por qué no puede recomendarse ". Firmado por J. van Konijnenburg, director general de las Colonias, 1841-1848.
[v] Rolboeken
arrondissementsrechtbank Heereveen, Aktedatum 26-03-1850.
[vi] Adressen van bezwaar van rooms-katholieken tegen het
ontwerp van wet, houdende herziening der Wet van 13 augustus 1857 (S. 103) tot
regeling van het lager onderwijs (1878) uit Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe en
Overijssel, Den Haag, archief 2.02.04, inventarisnummer 4541
[1] Laetste uyren van Susanna Bickes, oudt 14 jaren, en de laetste woorden van Jacob Bickes, oudt 7 jaren, beyde zaligh in den Heere ontslapen, in Leyden, den 1 sept. en 8 aug. 1664. Noch is hier by-gevoeght de beschrijvinge der drie aenmerckensweerdige wonderen, als de pestilentie, comeet- of staert-ster en het scheuren der boomen; voorgevallen in den jare 1664. https://books.google.nl/books?vid=KBNL:UBA000067717&redir_esc=y UIn fact, the first part of the book, abput Susanna, was reprinted until 1850, and was re-issued in 1996 (!).
[2] Groenendijk, L. F. (1997). Een kinderboek uit de Gouden Eeuw: de "euthanasie" van Susanna en Jacob Bickes. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Opvoeding, Vorming en Onderwijs, 13(6), 316-331;
[vii] Right at the start of this new job, he waged a war against a local
prince. In retrospect, a Dutch-Indonesian Newspaper called him ‘the most
incompetent man to lead such an endeavor.’ Onze betrekkingen tot Lombok. De
Locomotief, Semarangsch handels- en advertentieblad, 10 november 1894
[viii] Nationaal Archief, Verenigde Oostindische
Compagnie, archief 1.04.02, inventarisnummer 14768, folio
11; permalink: https://hdl.handle.net/10648/c8f393e0-c864-11e6-9d8b-00505693001d;
[ix] Anna de Kok has another 'pre-child' in 1786 with another man. When she marries Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Hartog in 1792, she does so under conditions. In the 1792-will, all her (eventual) children, including the 'pre-children' get an equal share of the heritage, in case she would die; the step-father will take full custody over all children until they wouyld become 25. In 1794, she changes her will (one-sided), stipulating that only the 'pre-children'would get a share, and that her father and a good friend would become custodians. When she dies (1815), there may have been not so much left for Jacubus Philippus III - the wars ruining a lot of merchants, including his stepfather.
Anna de Kok tiene otro 'pre-niño' en 1786 con otro hombre. Cuando se casa con Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Hartog en 1792, lo hace bajo condiciones. En el testamento de 1792, todos sus (eventuales) hijos, incluidos los 'pre-niños' obtienen una parte igual de la herencia, en caso de que ella muriera; el padrastro asumirá la custodia total de todos los niños hasta que cumplan 25 años. En 1794, ella cambia su testamento (unilateral), estipulando que solo los 'pre-niños' recibirían una parte, y que su padre y un buen amigo se convertiría en custodios. Cuando ella muere (1815), puede que no haya quedado mucho para Jacubus Philippus III: las guerras arruinaron a muchos comerciantes, incluido su padrastro.
[x] Catalogus van de
prentverzameling der gemeente Leiden, Deel 2 (1906 – 1907). Ingang 4269. The entry suggests that the genealogy covers 16
family-branches, of which Bikkes and Backer are two separate lines.
La entrada sugiere que la genealogía cubre 16 ramas familiares, de las cuales Bikkes y Backer son dos líneas separadas.
[xi]
a.k.a Maria Magdalena van Eldijk, without the -s.
[xii] Pieter Bikkes Bakker (1849 – 1871), son of his second wife Wilhelmina
Sophia Leemans (1808 – 1863). Born in Veenhuizen, worked there as a clerk and
died there, aged 22.
[xiii] Daughter of Karel Sueters (1821 – 1863) and Alida Johanna Heinink (1829
– 1921). Alida remarried JPBB III in october 1876, introducing daughter Hendrika
(aged 18) to her new step-brother Cornelis (19). They married 9 years later.
[xiv] He is mentioned to be a first-class citizen (‘Groot Poorter’) of the city,
but doesn’t actually pay the (double) fee to get that honor. See: Register van poorterinschrijvingen J, inventarisnummer 1270, blad 209; October 15, 1781
Se menciona que es un ciudadano de primera clase ("Groot Poorter") de la ciudad, pero en realidad no paga la tarifa (doble) para obtener ese honor.
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